English Version
Nearly 27 years after the first reported cases of the acquired immunodef iciency syndrome (AIDS) and 25 years af ter the discover y of the etiologic agent, effective control of the AIDS pandemic remains elusive. At the root of this chal lenge is the molecular pathogenesis of human immunodef iciency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1), a virus that has evolved a number of mechanisms to elude immune control. Among the most prominent of these are the heavy glycosylation of the external glycoprotein, which protects neutralization epitopes; the virus’ direct target ing of the CD4 molecule expressed by the key T lymphocyte in immune orchestration; integration into the host-cell genome, which implies that cells that are not killed are infected permanent ly; and the potential of the virus to mutate and there fore evade the host immune system (mutational escape). This last mechanism results in a remarkable degree of viral diversit y within HIV-1 and its rapid adaptat ion, in response to both immune act ivity and ant iretroviral therapy. Over the past decade, advances in sequencing technology and expanded disease sur vei l lance have al lowed researchers to characterize the variation in HIV-1 within individual patients and around the world.
The init ial view that the virus is classif iable into dist inct subtypes or clades now needs to ref lect the reality of a dynamic genetic evolutionary process, through which new HIV-1 strains are constantly emerging. The resultant viral diversity has implications for possible differential rates of disease progression, responses to antiretroviral therapy (including the development of resistance), and vaccine development.
Origin of HIV and Mechanisms of HIV Diversity
The origin of HIV-1 among nonhuman primates has been traced to a simian virus, SIVcpz, which infected several geographically isolated chimpanzee communities in southern Cameroon. This HIV-1 progenitor probably was passed from chimpanzees to human hunters through bloodborne transmission. Phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 and related viruses from nonhuman primates suggests that three independent transmission events early in the 20th century spawned three HIV-1 groups: major (M, between 1915 and 1941), outlier (O), and nonmajor and nonoutlier (N). Although strains related to the M and N groups have been found in chimpanzees, recent evidence suggests that group O HIV-1 may have originated in gorillas, in which the closest relatives of this group have been identif ied. It is speculated that the virus then spread among humans along the Congo River into Kinshasa, Zaire, where the earliest documented case of HIV-1 infection (with group M strain) in humans has been traced to a blood sample from 1959.
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Origin of HIV and Mechanisms of HIV Diversity
The origin of HIV-1 among nonhuman primates has been traced to a simian virus, SIVcpz, which infected several geographically isolated chimpanzee communities in southern Cameroon. This HIV-1 progenitor probably was passed from chimpanzees to human hunters through bloodborne transmission. Phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 and related viruses from nonhuman primates suggests that three independent transmission events early in the 20th century spawned three HIV-1 groups: major (M, between 1915 and 1941), outlier (O), and nonmajor and nonoutlier (N). Although strains related to the M and N groups have been found in chimpanzees, recent evidence suggests that group O HIV-1 may have originated in gorillas, in which the closest relatives of this group have been identif ied. It is speculated that the virus then spread among humans along the Congo River into Kinshasa, Zaire, where the earliest documented case of HIV-1 infection (with group M strain) in humans has been traced to a blood sample from 1959.
Journals for full download on the link below
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BalasHapusFROM U.S.A