English Version
The worldwide dissemination of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) over the past four decades is one of the most catastrophic examples of the emergence, transmission, and propagation of a microbial genome. We now know that the cellular and anatomical sites of HIV replication influence the course of the infection, the ability of antiretroviral therapy to reduce viremia, and the establishment of the viral reservoir. This highly mutable virus inserts its genome into the genomes of crucially important cells of the host and, despite therapy, maintains a reservoir of latent HIV within the body. The virus has a predilection for activated HIV specific CD4+T cells, although other cells are also susceptible to the virus. This tropism for particular cells is determined mainly by cellular receptors to which HIV attaches in order to enter cells. In this review, we will discuss the origins of HIV and its cellular and anatomical localization.
The simian origins of hiv
The earliest documented case of HIV infection in humans was identified in a sample of serum from Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo) that was stored in 1959. On the basis of the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) sequences obtained from this and numerous other, more recent isolates, it has been estimated that the main (M) group of HIV-1 strains diversified in humans in about 1931 (95 percent confidence interval, 1911 to 1941). Similarly, the most recent common ancestors of HIV type 2 (HIV-2) subtypes have been dated to the 1940s.
There is persuasive evidence that HIV-1 came to humans from the chimpanzee (Pantroglodytes), which harbors the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) and lives in central Africa. HIV-2, whose DNA has 40 to 60 percent homology with HIV-1 DNA, originated from the SIVsm of the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) monkeys of coastal West Africa, from Senegal to the Ivory Coast, the endemic epicenter of HIV-2 (Fig. 1). In these areas, nonhuman primates are kept as pets and butchered for food, suggesting routes of transmission — monkey and ape to human — that are in accord with phylogenetic data implying cross-species infection. Estimates of when HIV was introduced into the human population, on the basis of a molecular clock and the distribution of SIV genomic sequences among the chimpanzees of central Africa, render it highly improbable that contaminated poliovirus vaccines were the source of HIV.
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The earliest documented case of HIV infection in humans was identified in a sample of serum from Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of Congo) that was stored in 1959. On the basis of the HIV type 1 (HIV-1) sequences obtained from this and numerous other, more recent isolates, it has been estimated that the main (M) group of HIV-1 strains diversified in humans in about 1931 (95 percent confidence interval, 1911 to 1941). Similarly, the most recent common ancestors of HIV type 2 (HIV-2) subtypes have been dated to the 1940s.
There is persuasive evidence that HIV-1 came to humans from the chimpanzee (Pantroglodytes), which harbors the related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) and lives in central Africa. HIV-2, whose DNA has 40 to 60 percent homology with HIV-1 DNA, originated from the SIVsm of the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys) monkeys of coastal West Africa, from Senegal to the Ivory Coast, the endemic epicenter of HIV-2 (Fig. 1). In these areas, nonhuman primates are kept as pets and butchered for food, suggesting routes of transmission — monkey and ape to human — that are in accord with phylogenetic data implying cross-species infection. Estimates of when HIV was introduced into the human population, on the basis of a molecular clock and the distribution of SIV genomic sequences among the chimpanzees of central Africa, render it highly improbable that contaminated poliovirus vaccines were the source of HIV.
Journals for full download on the link below
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